Saliva/oral Drug Testing – a Solution to Corporate Drug Testing

The fact that America consumes 60% of the world’s illicit drugs (Drug Enforcement Administration) makes employee drug testing compulsory for the US companies to maintain the work standards. Drug testing to the employees is an issue to many of the organizations as it involves many issues such as privacy, sample adulteration, complexity, time and cost involved in drug testing. Saliva drug testing is an ideal solution for these problems making corporate drug testing easier and efficient.

A major concern of drug testing at workplace is the privacy of the candidate. Using saliva drug testing sample collection is less hazardous and less embarrassing for the parties. Oral fluid drug testing is socially acceptable and is not degrading unlike urine drug testing. There is no need for privacy during sample collection. Saliva drug test is considered as donor friendly, as it has easy to collect specimen procedure.

Another issue in corporate drug testing is the cost involved in the entire process. Sample collection through the regular urine based drug testing techniques, sending them to the laboratory and getting results is quite expensive which is not affordable to small organizations. Saliva drug testing makes it cost effective by simplifying the process through uncomplicated sample collection, onsite testing and instant results.

Most of the organizations depend on age old Urine drug testing process, which is subject to adulteration and substitution, and it does not include screening for prescription painkillers. Oral fluid-based testing cannot be cheated because specimen collection is directly monitored, which makes it more efficient when compared to urine drug testing.

Industry experts consider implementing random drug testing as the most effective method to deter on-the-job drug abuse. Urine drug testing does not support random testing as both the parties are uncomfortable with the complex process. Oral fluid drug testing enables the employers to conduct random drug testing with ease in no time.

According to DEA, each year, the costs to U.S. employers exceed $140 billion, as 77% of all drug abusers are employed, and eight to ten percent of workers in any company abuse drugs. On average, each drug abuser costs a corporation $10,000 per year. These statistics sense the urgency of efficient organizational drug testing that could be possible by oral fluid drug testing. This is because it can be used in all the cases of pre-employment, random, reasonable suspicion, post-accident, return-to-duty drug testing, which are necessary to an organization to deter drug abuse at the work place.

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How Long Do Drugs Stay Inside A Human System?

It is important to know the detection period of the drug tests and the tenure of the drugs residing in the human system when testing for drug abuse. This makes the drug test more effective in avoiding the risks of false detection and reduces the acts of drug testing tampering.How long the illegal drugs stay in a human system?The time period for any drug to reside in a human system depends on many factors like age, weight, health, potency of the drug, quantity of the drug intake, frequency of usage, etc. All drugs stay up to 30 days in a system of chronic user. The following are some of the commonly used illicit drugs and the time they stay in a human system.THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol/Marijuana)Marijuana is also termed with other names like Bud, Blunt, Grass, Herb, Pot, Reefer, Sinsemilla, Smoke, and Weed. It can stay from 3 to 90 days in a human system when abused orally or through smoking. Traces of marijuana can be detected from 7 to 30 days in urine, two weeks in blood, and 90 days with hair.OpiatesOpiates are available in the black market with names like Opium, China, Dreams, Dover’s powder, etc. Detection time of opiates ranges from 2 to 5 days. Opiates can be detected for up to 3 months through hair drug test and 6-12 hours in the blood or saliva drug test.MethamphetaminesMethamphetamines or Meth is dealt with names like Crank, Crystal, Glass, Ice, Speed, etc. Meth can stay up to 2 to 4 days inside a human system. Traces of Meth can be found for up to 3 to 6 days in urine, 24 to 72 hours in blood, and up to 90 days with hair.Amphetamines Amphetamines are also dealt with names like Biphetamine, Black Beauties, Crosses, Dexedrine, Hearts, etc. Amphetamines can stay from 2 to 4 days in a human system. Traces of Amphetamines can be found from 1 to 3 days in urine, for around 12 hours in blood, and up to 90 days with hair.CocaineCoke, Candy, Snow, Flakes, White Coat are some of the other names of Cocaine. Cocaine can stay from 2 to 4 days inside a human system. Traces of cocaine are found for up to 3 days in urine, from 1 to 2 days in blood, and up to about 90 days in hair.Phencyclidine (PCP)PCP is termed with names like Boat, Love boat, Angle dust, Hog, etc. Period of PCP staying inside a human system ranges from 7 to 14 days. It can be detected for up to 30 days in urine, 90 days in hair, and for around 2 to 4 days in blood.Conducting drug test before or after the tenure of the drug inside a human system, obviously makes the results useless. However, chronic users are found positive more frequently in drug tests than others.

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Benzodiazepine Drug Abuse

Benzodiazepines are a type of anti-anxiety drugs. While anxiety is a normal response to stressful situations, some people have unusually high levels of anxiety that can interfere with everyday life. For these people, benzodiazepines can help bring their feelings under control. Benzodiazepines act on the central nervous system, produce sedation and muscle relaxation, and lower anxiety levels. Benzodiazepines are commonly abused. Benzodiazepines abuse is partially related to the toxic effects that they produce and also to their widespread availability. Death and serious illness rarely result from benzodiazepine abuse alone. However, they are frequently taken with either alcohol or other medications. The combination of benzodiazepines and alcohol can be dangerous.

Causes and Symptoms of Benzodiazepine

At normal or regular doses, benzodiazepines relieve anxiety and insomnia. Benzodiazepines over dose causes side effects like drowsy or dizzy. High doses of benzodiazepines can produce more serious side effects. Signs and symptoms of acute toxicity or overdose may include Drowsiness, Confusion, Dizziness, Blurred vision, Weakness, Slurred speech, Lack of coordination, Difficulty breathing and even Coma.

Signs of chronic drug abuse can be very nonspecific and include changes in appearance and behavior that affect relationships and work performance. Warning signs in children include abrupt changes in mood or deterioration of school performance. Chronic abuse of benzodiazepines can lead to symptoms like anxiety, insomnia, anorexia, headaches, and weakness.

Monitoring and Testing of Benzodiazepine

· Benzodiazepines drug abuse can be detected with Saliva drug test.

· Urine drug screens are used to find the addiction levels for Benzodiazepines. Lab tests can detect many of the commonly abused drugs, including benzodiazepines (but may not be able to discover them all). The urine drug screens do not, however, reveal a specific level or amount of the drug taken. However, it is difficult to find the level of addiction for Benzodiazepine as it varies from individual.

· In the case of overdose of Benzodiazepine, in the emergency department, patient will be placed on a monitor evaluating heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse oximetry. An IV line will be started. Oxygen is given if patient is short of breath or has a reduced level of consciousness.

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Oral Fluid Drug Testing

Oral Fluid/saliva drug tests are rapidly becoming the ideal process for drug testing at both the home and workplace. Generally they can also detect the specimens of previous few days. Oral fluid based drug tests are as accurate as the urine tests. They can be obtained from quality suppliers in the United States. Specifically, the oral fluid test enables to employ the random drug testing programs, which are the efficient form of drug testing. These tests are likely photocopies the results of the blood tests and the level of intoxication can be estimated, according to the substances in the blood.

Oral Fluids can detect:

• ALCOHOL - Q.E.D. Saliva Alcohol Test (rapid)

• NIDA-5 - THC, Cocaine, Opiates, Amphetamines, PCP

• OTHERS - Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Methadone

Features and Benefits of Oral Fluid Testing

The following are the feature of Oral fluid drug testing which even serves as the benefits to the donors:

• Cost Efficiency: The oral fluid is the interceptive test that minimizes or even eliminates the collection fees, reduces the scheduling issues and extensively reduces the lost work time. It costs a lot if the same test is conducted based the urine specimens.

• Control the Process: Oral fluid samples don’t require any special facilities. They can be collected by anytime and at anywhere. There are many alternative for collecting the specimens. It can be collected in a small conference room or in an office. This screening enables the donors to provide the samples and seal it easily, in few minutes. The laboratory reports negative results on the same day and the positive results are confirmed using GC/MS/MS and reports within 2-3 days.

• Adulteration: An oral fluid test can merely abolish the risks evolved in the adulteration. It is virtually impossible to mask the oral fluid samples with drug consumed. The oral fluid testing is often a direct observed system.

• Employee Dignity: The oral fluid test delivers a dignified, secured and evident collection method. The dignity of the collection method is an authentic benefit. It helps in making a good impression. As these are the tests conducted for your loved ones, or for your employees. As a result, this testing is a less embarrassing method to adopt.

Advantages of Oral Fluid Testing over Urine Tests:

Using well-proven technology, saliva tests offer several advantages over urine based tests:

• Oral fluid samples may be collected under direct supervision without donor privacy issues.

• Helps to eliminate sample adulteration.

• Sensitive and specific assays provide accurate test results.

• Non-invasive.

• Ideal for on-site testing. Test may be conducted anywhere and at anytime.

• No additional equipment or operator training required.

• The test kit includes all components like, instruction card to eliminate the errors.

The above information helps the individuals who want to test the drug screening in a simple and easy way.

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Know How the Swab Drug Test is Conducted

Swab drug test is conducted to check for the drug abuse or the presence of alcohol in a sample. It is very easy to perform and it gives out accurate results almost at any place. It is so accurate that it reduces the risk of repeating the test. This test is just a single step process, which is very simple and any one can perform this test at any place according to the convenience. • Prior to the test:One has to be very carefull in conducting the swap drug test. In order to attain the accurate test result, the person who is about to undergo test is advised not to eat, smoke or drink for at least 10 minutes before performing the test. If the donor has had something, he has to wait for 10 minutes to give the sample for the test for accurate results.• Sample collection:In swab drug test collecting the sample is very easy. The cotton swabs are used for collecting the saliva samples from the donor. The donor has to place this cotton swab below the tongue for about 10 to 15 minutes. The strip will absorb saliva from the donor, which is further used as the sample to test drug abuse or the level of alcohol presence in the sample.• Lab testing:The next process after sample collection is laboratory testing. The saliva sample collected in swab is put into a small specimen vial and is sealed. The specimen is tested through an appropriate testing strip in the laboratory, to test the drug abuse and the level of alcohol present in the sample.The swab drug test is just a process of few minutes, but gives out accurate results. This test helps in detecting active drugs present in the saliva. This test is very helpful to an individual because it is accurate and instant result oriented. More over this test can be performed at any place and at any time according to the convenience. An individual can perform the test independently without others assistance even for the first time as it is a single step process.

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Latest Teen Drug Trends

According to the study of “Teen drug use and attitudes”, it confirms that Generation Rx has arrived, as an alarming number of today’s teenagers are more likely to have abused Rx and OTC medications than a variety of illegal drugs like Ecstasy, Cocaine, Crack and Meth.

There is dramatic increase in the teenagers who are abusing prescribed drugs. This is Drug Misuse. Drug misuse means, use of any drug (legal or illegal) for a medical or recreational purpose when other alternatives are available, practical or warranted, or when drug use endangers either the user or others with whom he or she may interact.

Nearly one in five teens (19 percent or 4.5 million) report abusing prescription medications to get high and one in 10 (10 percent or 2.4 million) report abusing cough medicine to get high.

Based on the Partnership Attitude Tracking Study (PATS) survey:

· Nearly one in five (19 percent or 4.5 million) teens has tried prescription medication (pain relievers such as Vicodin and OxyContin; stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall) to get high.

· One in 10 (10 percent or 2.4 million) teens report abusing cough medicine to get high.

· Abuse of Rx and OTC medications is on par or higher than the abuse of illegal drugs such as Ecstasy (8 percent), cocaine/crack (10 percent), methamphetamine (8 percent) and heroin (5 percent).

According to the data, an alarming number of teens have a false sense of security about the safety of abusing Rx and OTC medications:

· Two in five teens (40 percent or 9.4 million) agree that Rx medicines, even if they are not prescribed by a doctor, are much safer to use than illegal drugs.

· Nearly one-third of teens (31 percent or 7.3 million) believe there is nothing wrong with using Rx medicines without a prescription once in a while.

· Nearly three out of 10 teens (29 percent or 6.8 million) believe prescription pain relievers even if not prescribed by a doctor are not addictive.

· More than half of teens (55 percent or 13 million) do not agree strongly that using cough medicines to get high is risky.

To reduce this abusive trend, educating the teenagers and their parents is very important. Kids who report learning a lot about the risks of abuse from their parents are up to 50 percent less likely to use drugs as those who do not. Unfortunately, most parents are either unaware or in denial about their kids vulnerability and exposure to the intentional abuse of prescribed medicines.

So it is a preventive act to encourage parents to educate themselves about the medications kids are abusing, communicate with their kids about the difference between good medicine and bad behavior and to safeguard their own medications – and ask their friends to do the same.

In addition to press outreach and public relations efforts, components of the campaign will include highlighting the risk of intentional abuse to Prescribed medicines on Television, Radio, Magazine and Newspaper is also helpful in reducing drug misuse.

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Latest Teen Drug Trends

According to the study of “Teen drug use and attitudes”, it confirms that Generation Rx has arrived, as an alarming number of today’s teenagers are more likely to have abused Rx and OTC medications than a variety of illegal drugs like Ecstasy, Cocaine, Crack and Meth.

There is dramatic increase in the teenagers who are abusing prescribed drugs. This is Drug Misuse. Drug misuse means, use of any drug (legal or illegal) for a medical or recreational purpose when other alternatives are available, practical or warranted, or when drug use endangers either the user or others with whom he or she may interact.

Nearly one in five teens (19 percent or 4.5 million) report abusing prescription medications to get high and one in 10 (10 percent or 2.4 million) report abusing cough medicine to get high.

Based on the Partnership Attitude Tracking Study (PATS) survey:

· Nearly one in five (19 percent or 4.5 million) teens has tried prescription medication (pain relievers such as Vicodin and OxyContin; stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall) to get high.

· One in 10 (10 percent or 2.4 million) teens report abusing cough medicine to get high.

· Abuse of Rx and OTC medications is on par or higher than the abuse of illegal drugs such as Ecstasy (8 percent), cocaine/crack (10 percent), methamphetamine (8 percent) and heroin (5 percent).

According to the data, an alarming number of teens have a false sense of security about the safety of abusing Rx and OTC medications:

· Two in five teens (40 percent or 9.4 million) agree that Rx medicines, even if they are not prescribed by a doctor, are much safer to use than illegal drugs.

· Nearly one-third of teens (31 percent or 7.3 million) believe there is nothing wrong with using Rx medicines without a prescription once in a while.

· Nearly three out of 10 teens (29 percent or 6.8 million) believe prescription pain relievers even if not prescribed by a doctor are not addictive.

· More than half of teens (55 percent or 13 million) do not agree strongly that using cough medicines to get high is risky.

To reduce this abusive trend, educating the teenagers and their parents is very important. Kids who report learning a lot about the risks of abuse from their parents are up to 50 percent less likely to use drugs as those who do not. Unfortunately, most parents are either unaware or in denial about their kids vulnerability and exposure to the intentional abuse of prescribed medicines.

So it is a preventive act to encourage parents to educate themselves about the medications kids are abusing, communicate with their kids about the difference between good medicine and bad behavior and to safeguard their own medications – and ask their friends to do the same.

In addition to press outreach and public relations efforts, components of the campaign will include highlighting the risk of intentional abuse to Prescribed medicines on Television, Radio, Magazine and Newspaper is also helpful in reducing drug misuse.

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Signs and Symptoms of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse, involves the excessive and repeated use of a substance to escape reality to produce pleasure despite its destructive effects. The substances abused can be illegal drugs such as opium, cocaine, marijuana and their derivatives or legal substances used improperly, such as prescription drugs and inhalants like nail polish or gasoline.

Drug addiction can be physical, psychological, or both. Physical dependence refers to the physiological effects of drug use. On the other hand, using a drug to numb unpleasant feelings, to relax, or to satisfy cravings are examples of psychological addiction. Physical addiction is characterized by ‘tolerance’ – the need for increasingly larger doses in order to achieve the initial effect and withdrawal symptoms when the user stops.

Signs and Symptoms of Drug Abuse: -

The more drug use begins to affect and control a person’s life, the more likely it is that he or she has a drug problem. Drug abusers often try to conceal their symptoms and downplay their problem. However, there are a number of warning signs you can look for:

· Engaging in secretive or suspicious behaviors, such as making frequent trips to the restroom, basement, or other isolated areas where drug use would be undisturbed.

· Talking incoherently or making inappropriate remarks.

· Sudden changes in work or school attendance and quality of work or grades.

· Talking about drugs all the time and pressuring others to use.

· Angry outbursts, mood swings, irritability, manic behavior, or overall attitude change.

· Expressing feelings of exhaustion, depression, and hopelessness.

· Deterioration of physical appearance and grooming.

· Frequently borrowing money, selling possessions, or stealing items from employer, home, or school.

· No longer spending time with friends who do not use drugs and/or associating with known users.

The path to drug addiction begins with the act of taking drugs. Compulsive, drug craving, seeking, and use that persist even in the face of negative consequences characterize drug addiction. It is easier to prevent and stop drug addiction during the initial stages before a person becomes compulsively addicted to drugs.

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Impact of Drugs in Work Place

Drug abuse, involves the excessive and repeated use of a substance to escape reality to produce pleasure despite its destructive effects. The substances abused can be illegal drugs such as opium, cocaine, marijuana and their derivatives or legal substances used improperly, such as prescription drugs and inhalants like nail polish or gasoline.

Drug abuse by employees cause many expensive problems for businesses ranging from absenteeism, lost productivity, accidents, and an increase in the health insurance claims.

A survey by the federal government showed full-time employees who admitted to being current illicit drug users tend to be: between the ages of 18 and 25, less educated, male, divorced or never married, white and low paid employees. The industries with highest rates of illicit drug use are food preparation workers, waiters, waitresses, and bartenders, construction workers and the workers in transportation and material moving.

The loss to companies in the United States due to alcohol and drug-related abuse by employees’ totals $100 billion a year, according to the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. There are many impacts due to drug in workplace.

Drug Abuse lowers productivity: Studies have shown that substance-abusing employees function at about 67% of their capacity. Problems related to alcohol and drug abuse cost American businesses roughly $81 billion in lost productivity in just one year.

§ Drug abuse causes accidents and injuries: Employees who use drugs are 3.6 times more likely to be involved in a workplace accident and 5 times more likely to file a workers’ compensation claim. Up to 40 percent of industrial fatalities and 47 percent of industrial injuries are linked to alcohol use and alcoholism.

§ Drug abuse increases absenteeism and turnover: An estimated 500 million workdays are lost annually due to alcoholism. Illicit drug users are more than twice as likely than those who do not use drugs to have changed employers three or more times in the past year.

§ Drug abuse increases an employer’s medical costs: Employees who abused to drugs, costs twice in medical claims to their employers, compared to the other normal employees.

§ Higher Rates Turnover: Employees who tested positive on their pre-employment drug tests were 77 % more likely to be discharged within the first three years of employment and absent from work 66 % more often than those who tested negative according to US Postal Service.

Preventive actions

A study of the economic impact of substance abuse treatment in Ohio found significant improvements in job-related performance:

· 97 percent decrease in on-the-job injuries· 93 percent decrease in mistakes in work· 88 percent decrease in problems with supervisors· 91 percent decrease in absenteeism

When organizations take the preventive actions by establishing comprehensive programs, both employers and employees are benefited.

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Athlete Drug Testing

Athlete drug testing is performed at various levels from school athletes to Olympic games. These drug tests are conducted to identify the drug abuse of the athletes and put them off. Athlete drug testing has strict principles that restrict the drug abused athletes from the competition. This has forced the athletes to avoid all the banned substances. These tests will be confirmed with GC/MS (Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry) method, which detects various chemical features of the drug substances.Why Athlete Drug Testing

In view to deter the illicit drug abuse there are certain reasons for setting up the athlete drug testing. The following are some of them: • Restrict And Deter Drug Use: Athlete drug testing detects the drug abuse of the participants. It can put them off and restrict from future abuse. It provides certain educational and awareness programs for their welfare. • To Avoid Unfair Competition: The drug-abused athletes have an unfair competitive advantage of improved performance. Athlete drug testing process takes required measures to stop violating the principles of athletics. It is an ideal solution for examining the drug usage, which preserves the competition from unfair practices. • To Avoid Hazardous Influence: The drug-abused athletes will certainly influence children and teenagers negatively. It can also damage the reputation of the athletic program and the sports authority. Therefore, athlete drug testing can prevent such harmful impacts. • Secure Athletes Health: There would be severe hazards of drug abuse in athletic activities. Therefore, drug testing can help the athletes to lead a productive and healthy lifestyle and shows the means to prevent drug abuse. Athlete Drug Testing Procedure

The athlete drug testing begins with the collection of urine specimen from all the athletes participating in the competition. For some substances detection, it may require blood specimen for testing. Though it is a simple procedure, it is commenced with a formal and highly regulated process. This is to make sure that the specimen collected is tamper proof. This require athletes to sign a contract saying that they have understood and accepted the regulations of the program and are willing to participate in drug testing.

There will be well-trained examiners appointed to carry out the specimen collection and conduct the drug testing. The athlete who results positive in the drug test will be restricted from the athletics, so that there would be a fair competition among the athletes. The positive resulted athletes have the right to perform second analysis of their specimen, which will be observed by the athlete or their representative.

The above framework gives you the essential information about the athlete drug testing and its purposes and procedure.

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